Moses Mendelssohn :: essays research papers

Moses Mendelssohn lived between the years 1729 and 1786. He was known as the " father of Haskalah " because of his contributions to the Haskalah movement. Mendelssohn was a Jewish philosopher, and got much of his education from his father, the local rabbi, David Frankel. Mendelssohn studied the philosophy of Maimonides. He had written the " Principally Leibnia ",as an attack on the national neglect of native philosophers. Also published by Mendelssohn was the " Philosophical Conversations " in 1755. Between the years 1756 and 1759, Mendelssohn became known as the " leading spirit of the Bibiothek " and ran some risk by freely criticizing the poems of the king of Prussia. In 1762 he won the prize offered by the Berlin academy for an essay on the application of mathematical proofs to metaphysics. On October 1763, the King granted Mendelssohn the privilege of Protected Jew (Schutz - Jude), which assured his right to undisturbed residence in Berlin. Mendelssohn devoted his life to the culture and emancipation of the Jews. He began by his German translation of the pentateuch and other parts of the bible. From this, the Jews learned the German language, German culture, and got a desire for German nationality. Mendelssohn put forward his plea for tolerance in Jerusalem " Oder Uben Religios Macht und Judenthum ". Mendelssohn was a great philosopher, and his contributions to the Jews were and still are great. Samson Raphael Hirsch lived between the years 1808 and 1888. He was the leader of Orthodoxy in Germany in the nine-teenth century. Hirsch was known as the " Jewish religious thinker ", and the " founder of Trenniley-Othodixie " (separatist Orthodoxy). He was the leading spirit in the establishment and of modernized Orthodox Jewish congregation and school system. The slogan of the growing " neo-orthodox " group was " torah combined with wordily wisdom ". They believed in schools that the Hebrew language, Jewish subjects, secular studies, and the school curriculum should be taught. Prussia adopted a law permitting Jews to secede from the general Jewish community and establish separate religious societies. Hirsch wrote " Nineteen Letters "," Horeb ", commentaries on the Pentateuch, Psalms, the Hebrew prayer book, and edited the monthly " Jeshurun ". Hirsch showed Judaism as a community based on faith, aiming at the sanctification of life, the spiritualization of man, and the attainment of an awareness of G-d's presence on Earth. He rejected biblical criticism, and the application of scientific methods to the study of Judaism. Moses Mendelssohn and Samson Raphael Hirsch were different in that Mendelssohn believed in secular education,assimilation within your country, and learning the language of the country ( in his case, it was Germany ) .

Wiliiam Shockley-Autobiography :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shockley was born on February 13, 1910 in London, England. He is most famously noted for winning the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. He won this for being the co-inventor of the transistor with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain. Shockley’s parents were both Americans. His father, William Hillman Shockley, was a mining engineer born in Massachusetts. His mother, Mary Bradford, was a federal deputy surveyor of mineral lands. They returned to America when William was just a baby. They both were very encouraging for his love and passion for science, as well as his neighbor who was a professor of physics at Stanford. He got his B. Sc. Degree at the California Institute of Technology in 1932. Four years later he got his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He wrote his doctoral thesis on the energy band structure of sodium chloride. The title of this thesis was â€Å"Calculation of Electron Wave Functions in Sodium Chloride Crystals.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After graduating from MIT, he went straight into work at Bell Laboratory. He did most of his research in solid state physics, especially vacuum tubes. Most of his theoretical advances led the company to conquer their goal of using electronic switches for telephone exchanges instead of the mechanical switches there were using at the time. Some of the other research he did was on energy bands in solids, order and disorder in alloys, self-diffusion of copper, experiments on photoelectrons in silver chloride, experiment and theory on ferromagnetic domains, and different topics in transistor physics. He also did operations research on individual productivity and the statistics of salary in research laboratories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From 1940-1945 Shockley worked on military projects from World War II. He was Research Director of the Anti-submarine Warfare Operations Research Group. After this he served as Expert Consultant in the office of the Secretary for War. He was particularly working on refining radar systems. As soon as the war was over, he went back doing solid-state research, investigating semiconductors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once Shockley returned to Bell Labs in New Jersey, he immediately joined a research group headed by Dr. C. J. Davisson. His group consisted of Bardeen and Brattain. Most of the time, he left them and worked alone. He would drop in on them occasionally to check up on their work. With Shockley’s idea of using field effects and applying the quantum theory to the development of semiconductors, Bardeen and Brattain succeeded in creating a point-contact transistor.

Coca-Cola versus Pepsi-Cola: Competitive Strategies Essay

Coca-Cola (Coke) and Pepsi-Cola (Pepsi) have been the most popular soft drinks for many years, and has also been each other’s biggest competitor. Coke was created in 1885 by John Stith Pemberton, a pharmacist, and was initially made as a tonic (Smith, 2012). In the beginning, Coke had cocaine in it, which was to fight depression and also make consumers addicted to the drink. In 1904, the Food and Drug Administration eliminated the use of cocaine, a key ingredient, in the United States, so Coke decided to keep its name and endorse the beverage through aggressive advertising (Smith, 2012). Thirteen years after the creation of Coke, in 1898, Caleb Bradham, a pharmacist, created a beverage named Brad’s Drink (later changed to Pepsi), and was Coke’s main competitor (Smith, 2012). Both companies focused on advertising, but they took different approaches. These different approaches that each company uses, also reflects the differences of their corporate cultures. Coke a nd Pepsi have been competing with one another since the beginning, and this competition seems to have pushed both companies to remain at the top of their market. Corporate culture is defined as an organization’s system of principles, beliefs, and values (Boone & Kurtz, 2012). Coke’s corporate culture focuses on seven core values, which are leadership, passion, integrity, collaboration, diversity, quality, and accountability (Coca-Cola, 2013). Coke focuses on their employees and their brand in order to keep the promise to â€Å"refresh the world in mind, body, and spirit, and inspire moments of optimism; to create value and make a difference (Coca-Cola, 2013).† On the other hand, Pepsi’s corporate culture focuses on performing with a purpose. Performing with a purpose means blazing new trails, never settling for second best, succeeding and celebrating together, and doing something bigger (PepsiCo, 2012). Pepsi also focuses on nutrition by addressing health concerns. The difference between these two companies is that Coke seems to focus more on their employees, where as Pepsi, seems to focus more on staying ahead of the competition by always coming up with new trends or products. Pepsi’s culture has benefitted Coke by focusing on healthier alternatives rather cola products. In 2006, when Indra Nooyi took over as CEO, she decided not to continue to battle with Coke. Instead of cola products, Nooyi decided to focus on water, juices, teas, and sports drinks. Since Pepsi began focusing on healthier alternatives, of all soft drinks, Coke has controlled 41.9 percent of the market compared to Pepsi’s 29 percent (D’Altorio, 2013). On the other hand, Coke’s focus on their brand has benefitted Pepsi’s decision to not focus mainly on cola products. Coke clearly commands the cola war between the two companies, but Pepsi has won the revenue battle, bringing in 38 percent more revenue than Coke in 2011 (Russell, 2012). Pepsi has expanded the company by starting the Quaker Oats, Gatorade, and Tropicana divisions. By opening up these divisions, Pepsi’s goal is to reach $30 billion in revenue by 2020 (D’Altorio, 2013). Coke’s focus on the brand, allowed the company to clearly control the cola market, but by limiting the company to soft drinks, Coke has allowed Pepsi to tap into other markets and gain more revenue. Another part of Pepsi’s culture that has benefited Coke was â€Å"doing something bigger.† Pepsi has been known to use celebrities to promote their products, but there have been instances where these promotions have backfired. The most recent of these mishaps was in 2002 when Pepsi pulled an ad featuring the rapper Ludacris. Bill O’Reilly called for a boycott of Pepsi because he felt the company used an â€Å"immoral rapper† as a spokesperson (Russell, 2012). After the controversy, Pepsi committed to paying $3 million dollars to the Ludacris Foundation (Russell, 2012). With a popular rapper, such as Ludacris, who has millions of fans, t his controversy created the risk of Pepsi losing millions of consumers, which could have switched over to the competition, Coke. In the future, the part of Coke’s corporate culture that will probably change is their leadership. Companies change leaders often, especially when the current leader is not performing to the standards that the company expects. In order to continue to thrive, Coke has to be sure that they put leaders in place who understand the company’s vision. They must be able to take those visions and continue to move the company forward in its market. Coke has been a leader in the cola market for many years and as a new leader, it will have to be the goal of that leader to ensure that Coke remains at the top of the market or Coke will have to find a new leader. If Coke constantly has to change leadership, then it will affect the company. Finding a great leader is not an easy task, but once that leader is found it is up to him/her to effectively lead the company into the future and not ruin everything that has been built before they came along. Pepsi’s believes in blazing new trails, and thus far it has worked for them. In the future, Pepsi must be careful that by blazing new trails they do not forget what has allowed their success over the years. Although the new trails that they tapped into in the past have worked, there is no guarantee that it will continue to work in the past. There have been companies, like Coke, that have tried new products (New Coke) that did not work. Pepsi has had success with tapping into new markets, but the company must be careful that they stick with what has worked for them so that they do not tarnish the brand that they have worked so hard to establish. The different markets (water, juices, teas, and sports drinks) that have been tapped into has brought Pepsi much success, and instead of blazing new trails, Pepsi needs to focus on making their current product lines bigger and better. Tapping into other markets that they are not already a part of could possibly take away from the produc t lines that they already have in place. Conclusion Coke and Pepsi are the top cola and soft drink companies and each other’s biggest competitor. Both companies have established themselves using different methods, but they both have had success with these methods. Coke has clearly won the rivalry between the two when it comes to the individual cola lines, but when it comes to overall revenue; Pepsi has won the battle of revenue. Although both companies have made mistakes over the years, both have continued to be successful. Coke has stuck with what has worked for them throughout the years, which is the cola and soft drink market. Pepsi on the other hand, tried different markets, and was very successful. These two companies will continue to be rivals from now until the end of time because they are both at the top and continue to fight to make sure that is where they stay.

The Host Chapter 56: Welded

Ian glared down at the three of us with such fury that Sunny shivered in terror. It was an odd thing-as if Kyle and Ian had switched faces. Except Ian's face was still perfect, unbroken. Beautiful, even though it was enraged. â€Å"Ian?† Kyle asked, bewildered. â€Å"What's the problem?† Ian spoke from between his locked teeth. â€Å"Wanda,† he growled, and held his hand out. It looked as if he was having a hard time keeping that hand open, not clenching it into a fist. Uh-oh, Mel thought. Misery swept through me. I didn't want to say goodbye to Ian, and now I would have to. Of course I had to. I would be wrong to sneak out in the night like a thief and leave all my goodbyes to Melanie. Ian, tired of waiting, grabbed my arm and hauled me up from the floor. When Sunny seemed like she was coming along, too, still joined to my side, Ian shook me until she fell off. â€Å"What is with you?† Kyle demanded. Ian hauled his knee back and smashed his foot hard into Kyle's face. â€Å"Ian!† I protested. Sunny threw herself in front of Kyle-who was holding his hand to his nose and struggling to get to his feet-and tried to shield him with her tiny body. This knocked him off balance, back to the floor, and he groaned. â€Å"C'mon,† Ian snarled, dragging me away from them without a backward glance. â€Å"Ian -â€Å" He wrenched me roughly along, making it impossible for me to speak. That was fine. I had no idea what to say. I saw everyone's startled face flash by in a blur. I was worried he was going to upset the unnamed woman. She wasn't used to anger and violence. And then we jerked to a stop. Jared was blocking the exit. â€Å"Have you lost your mind, Ian?† he asked, shocked and outraged. â€Å"What are you doing to her?† â€Å"Did you know about this?† Ian shouted back, shoving me toward Jared and shaking me at him. Behind us, a whimper. He was scaring them. â€Å"You're going to hurt her!† â€Å"Do you know what she's planning?† Ian roared. Jared stared at Ian, his face suddenly closed off. He didn't answer. That was answer enough for Ian. Ian's fist struck Jared so fast that I missed the blow-I just felt the lurch in his body and saw Jared reel back into the dark hall. â€Å"Ian, stop,† I begged. â€Å"You stop,† he growled back at me. He yanked me through the arch into the tunnel, then pulled me north. I had to almost run to keep up with his longer stride. â€Å"O'Shea!† Jared shouted after us. â€Å"I'm going to hurt her?† Ian roared back over his shoulder, not breaking pace. â€Å"I am? You hypocritical swine!† There was nothing but silence and blackness behind us now. I stumbled in the dark, trying to keep up. It was then that I began to feel the throbbing from Ian's grip. His hand was tight as a tourniquet around my upper arm, his long fingers making the circle easily and then overlapping. My hand was going numb. He jerked me along faster, and my breath caught in a moan, almost a cry of pain. The sound made Ian stumble to a stop. His breathing was hoarse in the darkness. â€Å"Ian, Ian, I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I choked, unable to finish. I didn't know what to say, picturing his furious face. His arms caught me up abruptly, yanking my feet out from under me and then catching my shoulders before I could fall. He started running forward again, carrying me now. His hands were not rough and angry like before; he cradled me against his chest. He ran right through the big plaza, ignoring the surprised and even suspicious faces. There was too much that was unfamiliar and uncomfortable going on in the caves right now. The humans here-Violetta, Geoffrey, Andy, Paige, Aaron, Brandt, and more I couldn't see well as we jolted past-were skittish. It disturbed them to see Ian running headlong through them, face twisted with rage, with me in his arms. And then they were behind us. He didn't pause until we reached the doors leaning against his and Kyle's room. He kicked the red one out of the way-it hit the stone floor with an echoing boom-and dropped me onto the mattress on the floor. Ian stood above me, his chest heaving with exertion and fury. For a second he turned away and put the door back in place with one swift wrench. And then he was glowering again. I took a deep breath and rolled up onto my knees, holding my hands out, palms up, wishing that some magic would appear in them. Something I could give him, something I could say. But my hands were empty. â€Å"You. Are. Not. Leaving. Me.† His eyes blazed-burning brighter than I had ever seen them, blue flames. â€Å"Ian,† I whispered. â€Å"You have to see that†¦ that I can't stay. You must see that.† â€Å"No!† he shouted at me. I cringed back, and, abruptly, Ian crumpled forward, falling to his knees, falling into me. He buried his head in my stomach, and his arms locked around my waist. He was shaking, shaking hard, and loud, desperate sobs were breaking out of his chest. â€Å"No, Ian, no,† I begged. This was so much worse than his anger. â€Å"Don't, please. Please, don't.† â€Å"Wanda,† he moaned. â€Å"Ian, please. Don't feel this way. Don't. I'm so sorry. Please.† I was crying, too, shaking, too, though that might have been him shaking me. â€Å"You can't leave.† â€Å"I have to, I have to,† I sobbed. And then we cried wordlessly for a long time. His tears dried before mine. Eventually, he straightened up and pulled me into his arms again. He waited until I was able to speak. â€Å"Sorry,† he whispered. â€Å"I was mean.† â€Å"No, no. I'm sorry. I should have told you, when you didn't guess. I just†¦ I couldn't. I didn't want to tell you-to hurt you-to hurt me. It was selfish.† â€Å"We need to talk about this, Wanda. It's not a done deal. It can't be.† â€Å"It is.† He shook his head, clenching his teeth. â€Å"How long? How long have you been planning this?† â€Å"Since the Seeker,† I whispered. He nodded, seeming to expect this answer. â€Å"And you thought that you had to give up your secret to save her. I can understand that. But that doesn't mean you have to go anywhere. Just because Doc knows now†¦ that doesn't mean anything. If I'd thought for one minute that it did, that one action equaled the other, I wouldn't have stood there and let you show him. No one is going to force you to lie down on his blasted gurney! I'll break his hands if he tries to touch you!† â€Å"Ian, please.† â€Å"They can't make you, Wanda! Do you hear me?† He was shouting again. â€Å"No one is making me. I didn't show Doc how to do the separation so that I could save the Seeker,† I whispered. â€Å"The Seeker's being here just made me have to decide†¦ faster. I did it to save Mel, Ian.† His nostrils flared, and he said nothing. â€Å"She's trapped in here, Ian. It's like a prison-worse than that; I can't even describe it. She's like a ghost. And I can free her. I can give her herself back.† â€Å"You deserve a life, too, Wanda. You deserve to stay.† â€Å"But I love her, Ian.† He closed his eyes, and his pale lips went dead white. â€Å"But I love you,† he whispered. â€Å"Doesn't that matter?† â€Å"Of course it matters. So much. Can't you see? That only makes it more†¦ necessary.† His eyes flashed open. â€Å"Is it so unbearable to have me love you? Is that it? I can keep my mouth shut, Wanda. I won't say it again. You can be with Jared, if that's what you want. Just stay.† â€Å"No, Ian!† I took his face between my hands-his skin felt hard, strained tight over the bones. â€Å"No. I-I love you, too. Me, the little silver worm in the back of her head. But my body doesn't love you. It can't love you. I can never love you in this body, Ian. It pulls me in two. It's unbearable.† I could have borne it. But watching him suffer because of my body's limitations? Not that. He closed his eyes again. His thick black lashes were wet with tears. I could see them glisten. Oh, go ahead, Mel sighed. Do whatever you need to. I'll†¦ step into the other room, she added dryly. Thanks. I wrapped my arms around his neck and pulled myself closer to him until my lips touched his. He curled his arms around me, pulling me tighter against his chest. Our lips moved together, fusing as if they would never divide, as if separation was not the inevitable thing it was, and I could taste the salt of our tears. His and mine. Something began to change. When Melanie's body touched Jared's body, it was like a wildfire-a fast burn that raced across the surface of the desert and consumed everything in its path. With Ian it was different, so very different, because Melanie didn't love him the way I did. So when he touched me, it was deeper and slower than the wildfire, like the flow of molten rock far beneath the surface of the earth. Too deep to feel the heat of it, but it moved inexorably, changing the very foundations of the world with its advance. My unwilling body was a fog between us-a thick curtain, but gauzy enough that I could see through it, could see what was happening. It changed me, not her. It was almost a metallurgical process deep inside the core of who I was, something that had already begun, was already nearly forged. But this long, unbroken kiss finished it, searing and sharp edged-it shoved this new creation, all hissing, into the cold water that made it hard and final. Unbreakable. And I started to cry again, realizing that it must be changing him, too, this man who was kind enough to be a soul but strong as only a human could be. He moved his lips to my eyes, but it was too late. It was done. â€Å"Don't cry, Wanda. Don't cry. You're staying with me.† â€Å"Eight full lives,† I whispered against his jaw, my voice breaking. â€Å"Eight full lives and I never found anyone I would stay on a planet for, anyone I would follow when they left. I never found a partner. Why now? Why you? You're not of my species. How can you be my partner?† â€Å"It's a strange universe,† he murmured. â€Å"It's not fair,† I complained, echoing Sunny's words. It wasn't fair. How could I find this, find love-now, in this eleventh hour-and have to leave it? Was it fair that my soul and body couldn't reconcile? Was it fair that I had to love Melanie, too? Was it fair that Ian would suffer? He deserved happiness if anyone did. It wasn't fair or right or even†¦ sane. How could I do this to him? â€Å"I love you,† I whispered. â€Å"Don't say that like you're saying goodbye.† But I had to. â€Å"I, the soul called Wanderer, love you, human Ian. And that will never change, no matter what I might become.† I worded it carefully, so that there would be no lie in my voice. â€Å"If I were a Dolphin or a Bear or a Flower, it wouldn't matter. I would always love you, always remember you. You will be my only partner.† His arms stiffened, then constricted tighter around me, and I could feel the anger in them again. It was hard to breathe. â€Å"You're not wandering off anywhere. You're staying here.† â€Å"Ian -â€Å" But his voice was brusque now-angry, but also businesslike. â€Å"This isn't just for me. You're a part of this community, and you aren't getting kicked out without discussion. You are far too important to us all-even to the ones who would never admit it. We need you.† â€Å"No one's kicking me out, Ian.† â€Å"No. Not even you yourself, Wanderer.† He kissed me again, his mouth rougher with the return of the anger. His hand curled into a fist around my hair, and he pulled my face an inch away from his. â€Å"Good or bad?† he demanded. â€Å"Good.† â€Å"That's what I thought.† And his voice was a growl. He kissed me again. His arms were so tight around my ribs, his mouth so fierce against mine, that I was soon dizzy and gasping for air. He loosened his arms a little then and let his lips slide to my ear. â€Å"Let's go.† â€Å"Where? Where are we going?† I wasn't going anywhere, I knew that. And yet how my heart pounded when I thought of going away, somewhere, anywhere, with Ian. My Ian. He was mine, the way Jared never would be. The way this body could never be his. â€Å"Don't give me any trouble about this, Wanderer. I'm half out of my mind.† He pulled us both to our feet. â€Å"Where?† I insisted. â€Å"You're going down the eastern tunnel, past the field, to the end.† â€Å"The game room?† â€Å"Yes. And then you are going to wait there until I get the rest of them.† â€Å"Why?† His words sounded crazy to me. Did he want to play a game? To ease the tension again? â€Å"Because this will be discussed. I'm calling a tribunal, Wanderer, and you are going to abide by our decision.†

Project Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project Risk Management - Essay Example They are present almost everywhere like in business, homes, and government agencies. Government agencies are using digital mediums to improve their governance style like filing of taxes, utility bill payments, pension payment etc. Through the use of e-governance the government is trying to speed up the process and reduce cost at the same time. Because of computers we can now use digital evidence to solve crime and prosecute the offenders at a much faster pace. Many a times the law enforcement agencies and judiciary can’t handle such evidences. There is an ample shortage of judges and attorneys who understand technology. Digital courtrooms refer to use of technology to run the courtrooms so that prosecution or trials can be done at a much faster pace and at considerably low cost. They use electronic evidence which can be effective at implicating the criminal. Electronic evidence refers to the information and data which of investigative value and stored in the electronic medium. With new advancement of technology digital forensic specialist will ensure that the evidence meets the standards. In such trials both the parties need not be present in the courtrooms. They can be connected via internet and use their laptops or other visual mediums to get connected to the digital courtrooms. It reduces the cost to a great extent. Risk Identification To make the judicial system digital, necessary infrastructure needs to be built upon; it means technical platforms are needed to be put in place for the data systems (software, equipment, networks and standard services). The aim should be that the same standard platforms should be able to serve the data systems which will be implemented in the coming years (Kendrick, 2009, p67). The users in the digital courtrooms will now require graphical user interfaces and easy to use systems should be installed. Else it would be difficult for all to comprehend and use the devices (Pmp and Knapp, 2010, p65). One of the most common f orms of digital devices to be used is audio devices. One needs to ask the question whether digital recording is better than human reporting or it may cause more trouble. There can be problems like botched recordings, microphone mishaps etc. can lead to a mistrial in the courtroom (Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), 2005, p67). Also with the introduction of new digital courtrooms the pending cases must be first integrated to the system. It may result in few cases not making it through (Bartlett, 2004, p78). With the era of digital information comes the question of security and reliability. The reliability of the saved digital devices must be ascertained at first (Raftery, 2003, p99). It is not impossible to create a fake digital recording or fake videos to implicate someone. Again the security issue must also be looked at. Making the courtrooms digital implies that all of the data needs to be stored somewhere. With the advent of newer technologies it its becoming increas ingly important to keep the data secured from data theft (Grey,

Police Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Police Operations - Essay Example Initial law enforcement undertakings in the USA were tentatively planned, as there was no supposed need for permanent, trained forces, and watchmen were frequently volunteers. In the eighteenth century, nevertheless, large urban areas for example New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago had established permanent police forces. Specialized, permanent state police forces were not customary in the America until the twentieth century. The 20th Century heralded pragmatic research and expertise to the world of policing. Innovative practice in identifying bodily characteristics for example fingerprints, first applied in the early 1900s concerned police agencies used more authority on criminal inquiries, crime deterrence, and other specialized jobs. In the period between 1920s and 1940s, nearly all large cities had special juvenile crime units; in the 1920s and 1930s, there was a growth of traffic divisions; in the 1940s and 1950s, police agencies established public relations positions; the 1950s introduced the first telephoto transmissions of documents, photographs, and fingerprints; and since the 1970s, police agencies have worked toward automated data collecting, sharing, and analysis. At the end of the 20th century, municipal police forces had specialized units for managing emergencies for example bombs, hostage situations, crowd control, undersea rescue, and violence. F Forensic science highly-advanced evidence collection and analysis in the last decades of the 20th century, however trivial, rural police operations rarely had the resources or use scientific innovations. At the same time as the consequences of DNA testing were generally believed dependable, such experiments could take months lacking the necessary resources or skilled workforce to perform them. Since 2001 there were still a number of states with no regular system of preserving crime incidents and collection of evidence. Police Organization: An Introduction In accordance with the U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 1996 there were 922,200 permanent, local police workforce, of whom 663,535 had detention authority. Constant expansion for the last couple of decades show estimated 1 million local law enforcement employees all over the USA, about a quarter of them women and minorities. Data from 1997 show that, normally, local police officers were expected to have 1,100 hours of training, and, by 2000, over 37% of local police agencies were needed to have college education. In 2000, there were 88,496 federal officers, about thirty-one for every 100,000 people. The bulk of police officers are in Texas; California; Washington, D.C.; New York; and Florida. Since most U.S. police units have been set up and supported by the local populace, and for the reason that they were established at different periods, there are numerous forms in how the police agencies are structured and supported. Normally, city police are supported by the city and led by a police head, either chosen by the mayor or designated. Counties hire patrolman and sheriffs, who generally are responsible to an elected county

Digital technology play a key role in education Essay

Digital technology play a key role in education - Essay Example First an introduction has been given as to what contribution has technology made in education. Then, teachers’ technological skills and problems to the implementation of digital technology have been discussed. After that, various technological tools and concept are discussed like CALL and ICT, which the teachers can make use of to enhance the education. The report is summarized in a concluding paragraph, and Harvard referencing style has been used properly. Selwyn (2011) asserts that educators have been trying to modify their teaching process with the help of technology ever since the modern technological means came into market. According to Baker, early 1960’s brought with it â€Å"new curricula, instructional models, and approaches to individualization† (1978:3) of instruction. The problem was that teachers did not know how to manage the new instructional schemes. Today, an ideal classroom environment is dynamic in which each student presents his own understanding and is comfortable with his own set of instructional materials. Thus, the teacher needs to organize instructional schemes in such a way that all students with their unique qualities are equally attended to. Teachers started feeling the necessity of incorporating information and communication technology in education. This way, they could enhance the overall experience of teaching through the use of some most modern digital technologies like camcorders, multimed ia, microphones, supervision cameras, and most of all, the internet. Technology helps students in their early years to gain independence in creating and designing things, and in understanding basic literacy skills (Massey University 2014). In later years, students can make use of information and communication technology (ICT) to do research and create innovative pieces of work. Libraries are available online, where